Coffee and energy drinks were used by others. Methylphenidate and modafinil were used by most. Through the analysis of existing literature, this paper aims to further the discussion of stimulant use among medical students, their mechanism of action, whether or not the intended outcomes are achieved, and the presence of side effects.ġ156 medical students (913) and licensing exam applicants (243)Ĥ8 (5.2%) medical students, 35 (14.4%) licensing exam applicants were using NPS. In order to address these concerns, this systematic review discusses how students and the institutions they are a part of should approach the topic and what actions should be implemented to ensure healthy practices.

The fluctuations in usage, overuse, and in some cases misuse of these stimulants have led to the recommendation that stimulant usage should be limited and the consumer should be more aware of the effects these compounds have. Stimulant users may perceive this fatigue as an indication of requiring even more stimulants, however, this requires further research and evaluation. Studies also suggest that excessive stimulant use results in decreased sleep quality and quantity, which can lead to increased fatigue. Although, studies show that while these drugs increase focus, those that use amphetamines do not have a higher GPA than non-users. It is possible that those who take the stimulants are struggling academically and the focus enhancement from the drug leads to their grade point average (GPA) being average when compared to those who do not rely on stimulants. Some studies discuss that the use of stimulants may provide an unfair advantage in the form of increased attentiveness or improvement in academics. Students may struggle to perform well on early-morning exams and therefore rely on stimulants that make them alert in hopes of higher scores. As a matter of fact, most medical students who reported the use of stimulants started taking them during their first year and were seeking out alertness and wakefulness for competitive exams. The popularity of misuse likely stems from the idea that the use of these stimulants will improve focus, attention, and thus, academic performance. The use of stimulants in a variety of forms is common practice among a majority of the world’s population. This article also discusses the mechanisms of action, acceptable doses, additives, ingredients of stimulants commonly used by medical students for cognitive enhancement and the implications of long-term use as the stress of practicing medicine extends well beyond the medical school years. This review analyzes the use of stimulants among the medical student community, consequences of misuse and discussed the healthy and organic approaches to lessen the stress and improve academic performance. Thus, it appears that usage of stimulants should be limited, in favor of a more sustainable approach to cognitive enhancement. The positive outcomes from stimulant consumption are often overshadowed by the negative side effects and incorrect dosage. However, large increases in dosage or frequency would lead to an increased risk of toxicity and adverse effects. Moderate doses of caffeine and amphetamines would lead to enhanced alertness and concentration.

Students report taking various forms of stimulants to promote cognitive enhancement, prolong wakefulness and retain focus for long periods of time. In addition, amphetamine-based medications for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been increasing in popularity, which many students take illicitly. The most prevalent stimulant used by students is coffee, followed by tea and other forms of caffeine like sugary energy drinks. High levels of stress and the demanding nature of medical school make their usage among medical students particularly common.

Stimulants have been used throughout human history for a variety of reasons.

Taurine stimulant